Laboratory
Laboratory is a working room for scientists
OR
Laboratory is the special room that have been
designed and equipped for carrying out scientific experiments for the purposes of
study or research
Feature of Laboratory
The laboratory should have the follows
i)
Water supply system
ii)
Drainage system
iii)
Electricity supply
iv)
Well illuminated
v)
Well ventilated
vi)
Door open out ward
vii)
Gas supply
Laboratory Apparatus
Laboratory apparatus is the special tools and
instruments commonly used to carry out the experiments in the laboratory.
Laboratory Apparatus
Items
|
Uses
|
Measuring cylinder
|
For measuring volume of liquids
|
Thermometer
|
For measuring temperature of substances
|
Stop watch
|
To measure time
|
Micrometer screw gauge
|
For measuring diameter of a wire
|
Vernier caliper
|
For measuring depth, length, internal and external
diameters of objects
|
A ruler
|
For measuring length
|
Relative density bottle
|
For measuring relative density
|
Microscope
|
For magnifying very small objects
|
Beaker
|
Used as container for chemicals and other liquids. Also
can be used to estimate the volume of liquids
|
Calorimeter
|
Used in experiment aimed at determining the quantity of
matter.
|
Spring balance
|
For measuring force in Newton
|
Slotted masses
|
Used for measuring for the quantity of matter.
|
Magnets
|
For demonstrating attraction and repulsion
|
Ball and ring apparatus
|
For demonstrating thermal expansion
|
Bar breaking apparatus
|
To show forces that can be exerted during thermal expansion
and contraction
|
Tripod stand
|
For providing a platform for heating for stability
|
Wire gauze
|
For providing equal distribution of heat while burning
|
Bunsen burner
|
As source of heat
|
Retort stand
|
For holding/gripping materials
|
Triple beam balance
|
Measuring mass
|
Flasks
|
For holding liquids during experiment
|
Pipette
|
For transferring specific but small volume of liquids
|
Burette
|
For measuring volume of liquid
|
Electronic balance
|
For measuring mass in more precise values
|
Physics Laboratory
Physics laboratory is the special room that have been
designed and equipped for carrying out Physics scientific experiments for the
purposes of study or research
Laboratory Rules
Laboratory rule is the set of regulation governing
physicist to conduct experiment and maintain the laboratory
Laboratory Rules
The follows include laboratory rules
i) Do not enter laboratory
without permission
ii) Do not do an experiment without permission
iii) Do not start experiment without procedure information
iv) Follow instruction careful to avoid damage of apparatus
v) Follow instruction careful to avoid wrong result
vi) Handle apparatus with care to avoid damage
vii) Avoid handling apparatus and chemical until you asked by your teacher
viii) Avoid running, screaming or playing in the laboratory
ix) Avoid tasting, eating or drinking anything in the laboratory
x) Keep the window open for any fumes to flow out
xi) Do not touch any electrical equipment with wet hands
xii) Close gas and water taps before leaving the laboratory
xiii) All exits should be cleared of any obstruction
xiv) Arrange in orderly way material you want to use
xv) Report any accident and injuries to the teacher
xvi) Never use bare hand to handle hot object
xvii) Do not use dirty or broken apparatus
xviii) Solid wastes should not be disposed in the sinks
xix) Clean the working areas before leaving the laboratory
xx) Wash your hands with water and soap after perform an experiment
Laboratory Safety
Laboratory safety is the condition in laboratory
where physicist protected from danger, risk or injury
Laboratory Safety
The follows include laboratory safety
i) Laboratory should well
ventilated and his door should open outward
ii) Fire extinguishers should
be fitted in an accessible position with using instruction
iii) Laboratory floors should
not have polished to avoid slippery
iv) First aid kit must present
in the laboratory
v) Cabinets and drawer must
present for storing apparatus
vi) All apparatus should have
checked regularly to ensure they are safe to use
vii) Emergence exit should
present and easy to access and use
First Aid
First aid is the immediate assistance/care given
to a sick/injured person before getting professional medical help
Importance of First Aid
i) It helps to preserve life
ii) It prevents the victim’s
condition from becoming worse
iii) It promotes recovery by
bringing hope and encouragement to the victim
iv) It helps to reduce pain and
suffering
v) It prevents infection
First Aid Kit
First aid kit is the small box contains items,
which used to give help to a sick person.
Usual labeled as “FIRST AID” and stored in a safe and easily
accessible place
Items Found in First Aid Kit
Items
|
Uses
|
Antiseptic soap
|
washing hands, wounds and equipment
|
Assorted bandage
|
Preventing direct contact with victim’s body fluids
|
Cotton wool
|
|
Disposable sterile gloves
|
Preventing direct contact with victim’s body fluids
|
Liniment
|
Reducing muscular pain
|
Painkillers
|
Relieving pain
|
Adhesive bandage(plaster)
|
Covering minor wounds
|
Thermometer
|
Measure body temperature
|
Sterile gauze
|
Covering wounds to protect them from dirty and germs
|
Safety pins, clips and tape.
|
Securing bandages or dressing.
|
Scissors and razor blades
|
Cutting dressing materials
|
Petroleum jelly
|
Smoothening and soothing skin.
|
Antiseptic solution
|
Cleaning fresh cuts and bruisers
|
Causes of Laboratory Accident
1. Slippery floor,
2. Incorrect use and handling
of apparatus,
3. Gas leakages from faulty
gas taps,
4. Fires,
5. Failure to follow the right
experimental procedures and laid down safety rules.
First Aid Procedure
When accident occur we have to help the victim by
following the follows procedures, consider the follows accidents
Electric Shock
When dealing with a victim of electric shock, remember to
take the following action
1. Do not touch the victim who
still in contact with electric current.
2. BREAK the contact by
switching off the current at the switch or meter box if can be reached easily
3. If it is not possible to
switch off the current, move the person from the current using a dry
non-metallic object, for instance a piece of dry wooden plank or a bloom
4. If you suspect that the
area has high voltage electricity, call for professional help immediately
5. If the victim is
unconscious, check the breathing and pulse rate. If he or she has breathing
problem, he prepared to resuscitate if necessary
6. Administer First Aid for
shock, burns or other injuries sustained by the victim
7. Seek medical assistance
Cuts (Or Wounds)
For a small cut or wound:
1. Wash your hands using soap
and cleaning water.
2. Put on your gloves.
3. Wash your wounds using
salty water and clean cloth.
4. Cover the wounds or cut
with an adhesive bandage or plaster.
For a large cut or wounds:
1. Let the victim lay under a
shade or allow her to sit comfortably.
2. Wash your hands using soap
and clean water.
3. Put on your gloves.
4. Prevent further blood loss
by applying pressure over the wound using a folded but clean handkerchief or
cloth.
5. Use another cloth to secure
the first one in place.
6. Take the injured person to
hospital.
Fainting
Fainting is the situation where by victim is weak
and unable to stand. It caused by too much heat and congestion
Steps to Help Victim
1. Take the person to a cool
place or under a shade
2. Let him lie on his back
with his legs raised higher than the head.
3. Loosen his clothes and
ensure sufficient supply of air
4. Dip a clean handkerchief in
water and press on his forehead.
5. Give him/her clean water to
drink when he regains consciousness
6. If not, take the victim to
the nearest hospital
Fire
Fire is the state/process of combustion result
light, heat, smokes and flame
Fire Triangle
Fire triangle is the components needed to start a
fire. This include
i)
Fuel
ii)
Oxygen
iii) Heat
Causes of Laboratory Fire
i) Electrical faults
ii) Smoking materials
iii) Carelessness
iv) Ignorance and negligence
Warning Signs
Warning sign is the symbol established to ensure safety in the laboratory and in other field like goods or commodities. This signs should have obeyed to avoid accidents, include the follows
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
vii)
viii)
ix)
Toxic symbol means that a substance is dangerous and can cause death within a short time. Toxic substances containing poisonous ingredients, Example, of toxic substance is jik, mercury etc.
Diagram:
i)
ii)
iii)
iv) Contact (by touching)
Irritant/Harmful
Harmful symbol means that a substance is dangerous and can affect our health for long time. Example, of harmful substance is alcohol, paint, insecticide, tobacco, ammonia, mercury etc.
Flammable symbol means that the substance can catch fire easily. For Example, , gasoil, kerosene, petrol, butane, methane, spirit, nail polish remover, turpentine etc.
Diagram:
Oxidizing agent symbol means that the substance can speed up the rate of burning. For Example, oxygen gas, chlorine gas, fluorine gas and hydrogen peroxide
Diagram:
Corrosive symbol means that the substance causes gradual change if contact with various materials. For
Example, concentrated sulphuric acid, concentrated hydrochloric acid, concentrated nitric acid, concentrated sodium hydroxide, concentrated ammonia etc.
Diagram:
Radioactive symbol means that the substance emits harmful radiations that penetrate human body and cause damage. For Example, uranium, plutonium etc.
Diagram;
Danger of electric shock symbol means that the substance has high voltage which should not touch.
Diagram:
Fragile symbol means that the substance should handle with care to prevents them from breaking. For Example, glass etc.
Diagram:
Explosive symbol means that the substance can erupt/explode easily. Always sore in a special container
Diagram:
Never store explosive material in glass container because when explode pieces of glass would fly all over and injure people
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